Grape
p. 2: “He licked the girl’s form”: Nonnus, Dionysiaca, translated by W. H. D. Rouse, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940), 6.155-169. https://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca6.html (accessed November 14, 2022).
p. 3: “Dionysus become the god of wine”: Ibid., 12.142-291. https://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca12.html#19 (accessed October 13, 2023).
p. 4: “the men at their wine drinking”: The Odyssey of Homer, translated by Richmond Lattimore, (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007, reprint of 1967 original) p. 133.
p. 4: “in the men’s company”: Ibid., l. 20.262 at p. 305.
p. 4: “Wine inspirits some men”: Plutarch Moralia, “Table Talk” 715b, https://topostext.org/work/297 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 4: “Women were allowed to participate”: Christine Tulley, “Exploring the “Flute Girls” of Ancient Greece through Multimodality,” https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/classics17-tulley/ (accessed December 11, 2023).
p. 4: “wine was used medicinally”: Jacques Jouanna and Neil Allies. “Wine and Medicine in Ancient Greece.” Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers, edited by Philip van der Eijk, Brill, 2012, p. 184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.15 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 4: “The wild grape”: Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 152, 154.
p. 4: “archaeological evidence”: Hood, Sinclair, et al. “Knossos Excavations 1957—1961: Early Minoan.” The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, no. 46, 2011, p. 69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23274620. (accessed January 27, 2022).
p. 5: “shows the shift”: Jane M. Renfrew, Palaeoethnobotany: the prehistoric food plants of the Near East and Europe, (NYC: Columbia University Press, 1973) pp. 127, 130.
p. 5: “Bronze Age”: Ibid., p. 127.
Mandrake
p. 9: “induce sleep”: Aristotle, “On Sleep”, translated by J. I. Beare, The Complete Works of Aristotle, Delphi Classics, p. 133.
p. 9: “stupefying agent”: Plato, The Republic 6.488c, translated by Paul Shorey, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969).
p. 9: “suicidal thoughts”: Hippocrates, “Places in Man”, translated by Paul Potter, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995) volume 8, p. 79, section 39.
p. 9: “Dioscorides lists”: Dioscorides, De Materia Medica “4-76”, translated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston, (Johannesburg, South Africa: Ibidis Press, 2000),pp.624 – 627.
p. 10: “a multipurpose medicine”: Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants II, translated by Arthur Hort (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990),9.9.1, p. 261.
p. 10: “the following ideas”: Ibid., 9.8.6, p. 257.
p. 10: “Thus it is said”: Ibid., 9.8.8, p. 259.
p. 10: “Mandragoritis”: John Riddle, Goddesses, Elixirs, and Witches: Plants and Sexuality Throughout Human History (NYC: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010) p. 60.
p. 10: “get with child”: John Donne, “Song”, John Donne, The Major Works, ed. John Carey(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 90.
p. 11: “Modern scholars speculate”: Anthony John Carter., “Myths and Mandrakes,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2003 Mar; 96(3):144-7, PMC539425, (accessed September 5, 2023).
p. 11: “It shot up first-born”: Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, translated by R.C. Seaton (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1961 reprint of 1912 original), Book 3: p. 253. Also, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/830/830-h/830-h.htm#chap05 (accessed October 16, 2023).
p. 12: Recent studies”: Al-Maharik N, Jaradat N, Bassalat N, Hawash M, Zaid H. Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Effects of Mandragora autumnalis Fruit Flavonoids Fraction. Molecules. 2022 Feb 3;27(3):1046. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8838059/ (accessed September 5, 2023).
Flying Herbs
p. 13: “First Pamphile completely”: Apuleius, The Golden Ass, translated by E. J. Kenny (London: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 40.
p. 14: “Thessaly boasted”: The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization, ed. Simon Hornblower & Antony Spawforth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 440.
p. 14: “matrons of Thessaly”: Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, 30.2. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D30%3Achapter%3D2 (accessed June 24, 2023).
p. 14: “Thessalian”: Ibid., (accessed June 24, 2023).
p. 14: “those witchwomen”: Aristophanes, The Clouds, translated by William Arrowsmith (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1969), p. 59.
p. 14: “the moon herself”: Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, Book 4: p. 299. Also https://www.gutenberg.org/files/830/830-h/830-h.htm#chap06 (accessed October 15, 2023).
p. 14: “Apollonius tell us”: Ibid., Book3: pp. 251-3. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/830/830-h/830-h.htm#chap06 (accessed October 15, 2023).
p. 14: “Ovid says”: Ovid, Metamorphoses, translated by Charles Martin (NYC: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005), 7.310-326, p. 232-3.
p. 14: “Theophrastus”: Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants II, 9.15.4, p. 293.
p. 15: “Some botanists speculate”: Brussell, David Eric. “Medicinal Plants of Mt. Pelion, Greece.” Economic Botany, vol. 58, 2004, pp. S174–202. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256917 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 15: “It may also cause”: Stephen D. Meriney, Erika E. Fanselow, “Chapter 16 – Acetylcholine”, Synaptic Transmission, Academic Press, 2019, pp. 345-367. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128153208000168?ref=cra_js_challenge&fr=RR-1 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 15: “Atropine is used”: Ioannis D. Passos, Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki, “Chapter 71 – Hallucinogenic Plants in the Mediterranean Countries”, Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Volume 2: Stimulants, Club and Dissociative Drugs, Hallucinogens, Steroids, Inhalants and International Aspects, Academic Press, 2016, pp. 761-772. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128002124000716 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 15: “It also lessens”: Clive Harper. “The Witches’ Flying-Ointment.” Folklore, vol. 88, no. 1, 1977, pp. 105–06. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1259706 (accessed November 19, 2023).
p. 16: “mean disturbance”: Dioscorides, De Materia Medica “4.69”, translated by Osbaldeston, p. 615.
p. 16: “which can cause”: Corrinne Burns, “Halloween Witch: is a travel sickness drug behind flying broomstick myth?”, The Guardian, October 31, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/oct/31/halloween-witches-travel-sickness-drug-scopolamine (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 16: Robert Graves”: Robert Graves, The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition (NYC: Viking, 2018)p. 460, note 5.
p. 16: “Ovid tells of Scythian women”: Ovid, Metamorphoses, translated by Charles Martin, 15.416-18, p. 533.
p. 17: “the nascent medical”: Loren C. MacKinney, “Animal Substances in Materia Medica A Study in the Persistence of the Primitive,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 1946, p. 157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24619541 (accessed September 4, 2023).
p. 17: “poultices”: Constantinos Trompoukis, et al. “From the Roots of Parasitology: Hippocrates’ First Scientific Observations in Helminthology.” The Journal of Parasitology, vol. 93, no. 4, 2007, pp. 970–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40058905 (accessed September 4, 2023).
Cannabis
p. 18: “They set up three sticks”: Herodotus, The History 4.73, 4.75, translated by David Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988)p. 307.
p. 19: “Certain Thracian shamans”: Eliade, Mircea, and Willard R. Trask, “Zalmoxis,” History of Religions, vol. 11, no. 3, 1972, pp. 274-5. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061899 (accessed September 2, 2023).
p. 19: “eating special foods”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron, (accessed September 2, 2023).
Poppy
p. 22: “she plucked a tender, sleep-inducing poppy”: Ovid, Fasti, translated by A.S. Kline, Book 4: April 12, p. 130 https://www.poetryintranslation.com/klineasfasti.php (accessed September 8, 2023).
p. 23: “No one who drank”: Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fagles (NYC: Penguin Books, 1996), 4.247-9, p. 131.
p. 23: “past ills”: H.J. Veitch, “Nepenthes”. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 21 (2): 229. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/164217#page/236/mode/1up (accessed September 9, 2023).
p. 24: “it causes forgetfulness”: Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants II, 9.15.1, pp. 289-91.
p. 24: “Hippocrates offers”: Hippocrates, “Internal Affections,” Hippocrates, vol. 6, translated by Paul Potter, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), E12, p. 113.